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# Frequently Asked Questions (under construction\!)
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# Frequently Asked Questions
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## GPS Time Transfer
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... | ... | @@ -57,23 +57,23 @@ level. |
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The GPS system itself distributes a real time approximation of
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ionospheric delays. On top of that geodetic receivers are able to decode
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the so called ionosphere-free code (P3), which is transmitted over the
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L1 and L2 carriers. Notice that L1 and L2 are being transmitted over two
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different frequencies. As ionospheric delay changes affect differently
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to L1 and L2, it is possible to calculate an additional correction the
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ionospheric delay model. Additionally the common view technique helps
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reducing the impact of ionospheric delays on base lines at the 800Km
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level, by selecting satalites which are visible simultaneously by both
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base stations. On top of that, the use a cesium atomic clock allows for
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additional filtering of daily delay oscillations. Once all these
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techniques are applied the overall impact of ionospheric delays is
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inferior to 1ns. See [USE OF GEODETIC RECEIVERS FOR
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the so-called ionosphere-free code (P3), which is transmitted over the
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L1 and L2 carriers. Notice that L1 and L2 are two different frequencies.
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As ionospheric delay changes affect differently L1 and L2, it is
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possible to calculate an additional correction to the ionospheric delay
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model. Additionally the common view technique helps reducing the impact
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of ionospheric delays on baselines at the 800 km level, by selecting
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satellites which are visible simultaneously by both base stations. On
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top of that, the use a cesium atomic clock allows for additional
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filtering of daily delay oscillations. Once all these techniques are
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applied the overall impact of ionospheric delays is inferior to 1ns. See
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[USE OF GEODETIC RECEIVERS FOR
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TAI](http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/ptti/ptti2001/paper35.pdf) by P.
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Defraigne, G. Petit and C. Bruyninx.
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If needed, the time transfer could still be improved by adding a posteri
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knowledge of the satellite orbits, atmospheric delays and GPS carrier
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frequencies.
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If needed, the time transfer could still be improved by adding a
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posteriori knowledge of the satellite orbits, atmospheric delays and GPS
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carrier frequencies.
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### Why the GPS receivers are installed on the surface?
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... | ... | @@ -96,26 +96,26 @@ considerations: |
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the ~1ns level.
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2. Lab tests show that swapping the transmitter and receiver over a
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~5Km optical fibber roll induces a change in the delay at the order
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of 0.1ns. Sagnac effects over an extended 10Km fibber would add an
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of 0.1ns. Sagnac effects over an extended 10 km fiber would add an
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additional asymmetry of only ~0.1ns on the earth equator. This means
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that a simple two-way scheme over an spare fiber has the potential
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to do a time-transfer between two points separated by 10Km with ~1ns
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accuracy (or better if especial care is taken during the measurement
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and monitoring of the feedback delay is enabled).
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to do a time-transfer between two points separated by 10 km with
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~1ns accuracy (or better if especial care is taken during the
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measurement and monitoring of the feedback delay is enabled).
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3. Delay paths should include as many components as possible in order
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to reduce any systematic error.
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### These fibers are not length-compensated on-line. What is the length change throughout the year?
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The fiber delay tempco is at the order of 50ps/Km/C. The fibbers in Gran
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Sasso are buried deep underground where temperature changes below 1C are
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expected. This represents a maximun change inferiour to 1ns thourghout
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the year in the OPERA fibber. At CERN we have ~2Km of fiber between the
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CERN's Control Room (CCR) and HCA442. This fiber is not buried as deeply
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as the one used in LNGS. If we take that the fiber is buried at 1m ,the
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temperature change could be of ~15C. This implies a possible change on
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the fibber delay of 1.5ns.
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The fiber delay tempco is of the order of 50ps/km/°C. The fibers in Gran
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Sasso are buried deep underground where temperature changes below 1 °C
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are expected. This represents a maximum change of less than 1 ns
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throughout the year in the OPERA fiber. At CERN we have ~2km of fiber
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between the CERN Control Room (CCR) and HCA442. This fiber is not buried
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as deeply as the one used in LNGS. If we take that the fiber is buried
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at 1m, the temperature change could be of ~15°C. This implies a possible
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change on the fiber delay of 1.5ns.
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Additionally the electronics could be affected by temperature changes.
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We have tested in the lab that after heating with a hot gun the CTRI
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