... | @@ -9,15 +9,13 @@ exchange observations of the delays of their local clocks with respect |
... | @@ -9,15 +9,13 @@ exchange observations of the delays of their local clocks with respect |
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to GPS clocks. These observations are then merged by the Bureau
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to GPS clocks. These observations are then merged by the Bureau
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International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) in Paris to produce
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International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) in Paris to produce
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Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). In addition to these techniques,
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Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). In addition to these techniques,
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metrology labs also exchange observations using other independent
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metrology labs also exchange observations using other independent means
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means
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such as Two-Way Satellite Time Transfer (TWSTT). In this setup, a
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such as Two-Way Satellite Time Transfer (TWSTT). In this setup, a
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certain bandwidth is rented from a geostationary satellite operator to
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certain bandwidth is rented from a geostationary satellite operator to
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establish a two-way link, which is completely independent of GPS.
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establish a two-way link, which is completely independent of GPS.
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Travelling atomic clocks (after accounting for relativity and other
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Travelling atomic clocks (after accounting for relativity and other
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effects) are a third way which is used to ascertain that GPS time
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effects) are a third way which is used to ascertain that GPS time
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transfer is unbiased. The satellite receivers in Gran Sasso and CERN
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transfer is unbiased. The satellite receivers in Gran Sasso and CERN are
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are
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the same brand and model. So are the antennae and the antenna cables.
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the same brand and model. So are the antennae and the antenna cables.
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They have been characterized by two independent metrology labs (METAS
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They have been characterized by two independent metrology labs (METAS
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and PTB) using different methods, which agreed to within 2 ns even if
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and PTB) using different methods, which agreed to within 2 ns even if
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... | @@ -27,15 +25,11 @@ conducted with a 2-year separation in time. |
... | @@ -27,15 +25,11 @@ conducted with a 2-year separation in time. |
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Calibrations conducted by METAS and PTB both included the final cables
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Calibrations conducted by METAS and PTB both included the final cables
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and antennae. This is a very important concept: inclusive calibration.
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and antennae. This is a very important concept: inclusive calibration.
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It is also used to calibrate other things like fiber links. You have
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It is also used to calibrate other things like fiber links. You have to
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to
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try to include as much as possible of your final setup in the
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try to include as much as possible of your final setup in the
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calibration procedure. So at METAS, for example, both GPS receivers
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calibration procedure. So at METAS, for example, both GPS receivers were
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were
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set up with their final cables and antennae, and their PPS outputs were
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set up with their final cables and antennae, and their PPS outputs
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measured against the METAS reference PPS. This provided, in addition to
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were
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measured against the METAS reference PPS. This provided, in addition
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to
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the relative calibration of interest, an absolute calibration with
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the relative calibration of interest, an absolute calibration with
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respect to
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respect to
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UTC.
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UTC.
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