Commit 5ba7453d authored by Maciej Lipinski's avatar Maciej Lipinski

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figures/applications/CERN/WRTD.jpg

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figures/applications/CERN/WRTD.jpg
figures/applications/CERN/WRTD.jpg
figures/applications/CERN/WRTD.jpg
figures/applications/CERN/WRTD.jpg
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......@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ optical fibre {LAN}, optical repeaters, Passive optical networks, {PHY}, physica
address = "New York",
}
@Misc{biblio:WRPTP,
author = "E.G. Cota and M. Lipi\'{n}ski and others",
author = "E. Cota and M. Lipi\'{n}ski and T. W\l{}ostowski and E. van der Bij and J. Serrano",
title = "{White Rabbit Specification: Draft for Comments}",
month = "July",
year = "2011",
......@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ optical fibre {LAN}, optical repeaters, Passive optical networks, {PHY}, physica
note = {\url{www.ohwr.org/documents/80}},
}
@phdthesis{biblio:MaciekPhD,
author = "Lipinski, Maciej",
author = "Lipi\'{n}ski, Maciej",
title = "{Methods to Increase Reliability and Ensure
Determinism in a White Rabbit Network}",
year = "2016",
......@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ year={2018},
howpublished = {\url{indico.cern.ch/event/28233/contribution/1/material/slides/1.pdf}},
}
@Inproceedings{P1588-HA-enhancements,
author={O. Ronen and M. Lipinski},
author={O. Ronen and M. Lipi\'{n}ski},
booktitle={ISPCS2015},
title={Enhanced synchronization accuracy in {IEEE1588}},
}
......@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ year = "2015",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/projects/wr-cores/wiki/wr-streamers}}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{biblio:wr-cngs,
author={M. Lipinski and others},
author={M. Lipi\'{n}ski and others},
booktitle={Proceedings of ISPCS2012},
title={{Performance results of the first White Rabbit installation for CNGS time transfer}},
......@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ title={{Performance results of the first White Rabbit installation for CNGS time
howpublished = "{\url{gitlab.cern.ch/BTrain-TEAM/Btrain-over-WhiteRabbit/wikis/home}}"
}
@Misc{biblio:WR-Btrain-status,
author = "Maciej Lipinski",
author = "Maciej Lipi\'{n}ski",
title = "{Real-Time distribution of magnetic field values using White Rabbit the FIRESTORM project}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/attachments/5795/BE-CO-TM-WR-BTrain.pdf}}
}
......@@ -318,7 +319,7 @@ ISSN={},
}
@ARTICLE{biblio:WR-ultimate-limits,
author={M. Rizzi and M. Lipinski and P. Ferrari and S. Rinaldi and A. Flammini},
author={M. Rizzi and M. Lipi\'{n}ski and P. Ferrari and S. Rinaldi and A. Flammini},
journal={IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control},
title={{White Rabbit clock synchronization: ultimate limits on close-in phase noise and short-term stability due to FPGA implementation}},
year={2018},
......@@ -492,7 +493,7 @@ month={Sept},}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{biblio:WR-characteristics,
author={M. Rizzi and M. Lipiński and T. Wlostowski and J. Serrano and G. Daniluk and P. Ferrari and S. Rinaldi},
author={M. Rizzi and M. Lipi\'{n}ski and T. Wlostowski and J. Serrano and G. Daniluk and P. Ferrari and S. Rinaldi},
booktitle={ISPCS2016},
title={{White Rabbit Clock Characteristics}},
year={2016},
......
......@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
\title{White Rabbit Applications and Enhancements\vspace{-0.4cm}}
\author{
\IEEEauthorblockN{M. Lipi\'{n}ski, E. van der Bij, J. Serrano, T. Wlostowski, G. Daniluk, A. Wujek, M. Rizzi, D. Lampridis}
\IEEEauthorblockN{M. Lipi\'{n}ski, E. van der Bij, J. Serrano, T. W\l{}ostowski, G. Daniluk, A. Wujek, M. Rizzi, D. Lampridis}
\IEEEauthorblockA{CERN, Geneva, Switzerland\vspace{-0.55cm}}
}
......@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ enhancements to the White Rabbit (WR) extension of the IEEE 1588 Precision Time
Initially developed to serve accelerators at the European Organization for
Nuclear Research (CERN), WR has become a widely-used synchronization solution
in scientific installations. This article classifies WR applications
into five types, briefly explains each and describes example
into five types, briefly explains each and describes example its
installations. The article then summarizes WR enhancements that have been triggered by
different applications and outlines WR's integration into the PTP standard.
Based on the presented variety of WR applications and enhancements, it concludes
......@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ In most applications the Grandmaster is connected to a clock reference.
This typically is a Cesium or a Rubidium oscillator disciplined by a global
navigation satellite system (GNSS) \cite{biblio:PolaRx4e}\cite{biblio:CS4000}\cite{biblio:GM-Meinberg}.
In such cases, the time and frequency transferred by WR are traceable to
the International Atomic Time (TAI).
the International Atomic Time (TAI) and the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
% Although all of WR applications are based on precise transfer of time and
% frequency, most of these applications benefit from functionalities that are
......@@ -324,14 +324,14 @@ USA (NIST) and Italy (INRIM) have WR installations, see Table~\ref{tab:timelabs}
\textbf{Time} & \textbf{Link} & \textbf{Link } & \textbf{Time } & \textbf{Time} & \textbf{Ref} \\
\textbf{Lab} & \textbf{Length } & \textbf{Type } & \textbf{Error} & \textbf{Stability} & \textbf{} \\ \hline
VTT & 950~km & unidir. in DWDM & $\pm$2ns & 20ps@1000s & \cite{biblio:MIKES+VSL} \\ \cline{2-6}
MIKES & 50~km & bidir. on adjacent ITU DWDM channels & $<$1ns & ~2ps@1s (*) & \cite{biblio:MIKES-50km} \\ \hline
MIKES & 50~km & bidir. on adjacent ITU DWDM channels & $<$1ns & $\approx$2ps@1s (*) & \cite{biblio:MIKES-50km} \\ \hline
VSL & 2x137~km & bidir. on CWDM (1470\&1490nm)(\#) & $<$8ns & 10ps@1000s & \cite{biblio:MIKES+VSL} \\ \hline
& 25~km & unidir. at 1541nm & 150ps & 1-2ps@1000s & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-25km} \\ \cline{2-6}
LNE- & 25~km & bidir. at 1310\&1490nm & 150ps & 1-2ps@1000s & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-25km} \\ \cline{2-6}
SYRTE & 125~km & unidir. in the C-band or close OSC channel & 2.5ns & 1ps@1s (**) & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km} \\ \cline{2-6}
& 4x125~km & unidir. in the C-band or close OSC channel & 2.5ns & 5.5ps@1s (**) & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km} \\ \hline
NIST & $<$10~km & bidir. standard WR (1310\&1490nm \cite{biblio:wr-sfps})& below 200ps & 20ps@1s & \cite{biblio:WR-NIST} \\ \hline
NPL & 2x80~km & unidir. in DWDM & $<$1ns & 1-2ps@1000s & \cite{biblio:NPL}\\ \cline{2-5}
NPL & 2x80~km & unidir. in DWDM & $<$1ns & $\approx$1.7ps@1000s & \cite{biblio:NPL}\\ \cline{2-5}
& $<$10~km & bidir. standard WR & $<$1ns & 1.5ps@1000s & \\ \hline
& 50~km & bidir. in WDM & 800ps $\pm$56ps& & \cite{biblio:WR-INRIM} \\ \cline{2-6}
INRIM & 70~km & bidir. in WDM & 610ps $\pm$47ps& & \cite{biblio:WR-INRIM} \\ \cline{2-6}
......@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ accelerators and will control GSI's new Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research
control-information is delivered from a common controller to any of the controlled
subsystems in any of the accelerators within 500~$\mu$s. The most demanding of
these subsystems requires an accuracy of 1-5~ns. The controller, called Data Master,
is a WR node. The subsystems are either WR nodes or have a direct interface with WR Nodes.
is a WR node. The subsystems are either WR nodes or have a direct interface with WR nodes.
All these WR nodes are connected to a common WR network that provides synchronization,
delivers control-information from the Data Master to all subsystems as well as
between subsystems, and allows diagnostics.
......@@ -498,10 +498,10 @@ challenging distributed measurements.
The first application of WR was in the second run of the CERN Neutrinos to Gran
Sasso (CNGS) experiment \cite{biblio:wr-cngs} and required timestamping of
events at the extraction and detection of neutrinos. Two WR
events at the extraction and detection of neutrinos. This allowed ToF detection. Two WR
networks were installed in parallel with the initial timing system: one at CERN and one in Gran Sasso. Each WR network consisted of a Grandmaster
WR switch connected to the time reference \cite{biblio:PolaRx4e}\cite{biblio:CS4000},
a WR switch in the underground cavern and a number of WR nodes timestamping
a WR switch in the underground cavern and WR nodes timestamping
input signals. The measured timestamping performance of the deployed system over 1 month of
operation was 0.517 ns accuracy and 0.119 ns precision.
......@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ Once the trigger occurs, the information about the trigger (e.g. ID), along with
the timestamp, is sent over the WR network to other WR nodes, usually as a broadcast.
The deterministic characteristics of the WR network allows the calculation of the
upper-bound latency for the message to reach all the WR nodes.
In order to make sure that all the "interested" nodes act upon the trigger
In order to make sure that all the "interested" WR nodes act upon the trigger
simultaneously, the delay between the input trigger and the time of execution
is set to be greater than the upper-bound latency.
......@@ -594,11 +594,11 @@ diagnostics of the LHC \cite{biblio:WR-LIST}\cite{biblio:WR-LIST-2}.
In the WRTD, there are a number of instruments capable of detecting
LHC instabilities and continuously acquiring data in circular buffers. Upon detection of instabilities, such a device generates a
pulse that is timestamped by a Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) integrated in
a WR Node \cite{biblio:fmc-tdc-5cha}, as depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:WRTD}.
a WR node \cite{biblio:fmc-tdc-5cha}, as depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:WRTD}.
The timestamp produced by the TDC is broadcast over the WR network,
with a user-assigned identifier, allowing the unique identification of the source of the
trigger. WR nodes interested in this trigger take its timestamp, add
a fixed latency (300$\mu s$) and produce a pulse at the calculated moment. This
a fixed latency (300~$\mu s$) and produce a pulse at the calculated moment. This
pulse is an input to a device that continuously acquires beam monitoring
data in a circular buffer. These buffers are deep enough to accommodate the introduced
fixed latency so that they can be rolled back to provide diagnostic data of the
......@@ -685,10 +685,10 @@ The original BTrain system uses coaxial cables to distribute pulses that indicat
increase and decrease of the B-value. This method is now being upgraded to a
WR-based distribution of the absolute B-value and additional information
\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain-MM}. In this upgraded system B-values are transmitted
at 250~kHz (every $4\mu$s) from the measurement WR node to all the other WR nodes
at 250~kHz (every 4~$\mu$s) from the measurement WR node to all the other WR nodes
that are integrated with RF cavities, power converters and beam instrumentation. In the most
demanding accelerator, SPS, the data must be delivered over 2 hops (WR switches)
with a latency of $10\mu s\pm 8ns$.
with a latency of 10~$\mu$s~$\pm$8~ns.
The WR-BTtrain has been successfully evaluated in the PS accelerator where it has
been running operationally since 2017 \cite{biblio:WR-BTrain-RF}. By 2021, all
......@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ In the RF transfer over WR Network schema, depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:RFoverWR}
\label{fig:RFoverWR}
\end{figure}
a digital direct synthesis (DDS) based on the WR reference clock
signal (125MHz) is used to generate an RF signal in the WR master node. The generated RF signal is then compared by a phase detector to the
signal (125~MHz) is used to generate an RF signal in the WR master node. The generated RF signal is then compared by a phase detector to the
input RF signal. The error measured by the phase detector is an input to a
loop filter (e.g. Integral-Proportional controller) that steers the DDS to produce a signal identical to the RF input -
effectively locking the DDS to the input signal.
......@@ -1189,23 +1189,23 @@ stability.
The frequency transfer over a WR network was characterized in
\cite{biblio:WR-characteristics} and its ultimate performance limits were
studied in \cite{biblio:WR-ultimate-limits}. The studies
\cite{biblio:WR-ultimate-limits}\cite{biblio:MIKES-50km}\cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km}
\cite{biblio:MIKES-50km}\cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km}\cite{biblio:WR-ultimate-limits}
have shown that the performance of a WR switch currently commercially available can be
improved as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item Allan deviation (ADEV) \textbf{from 1e-11 to 1e-12} ($\tau=1s$),
\item Random jitter \textbf{from 11 to 1.1~ps RMS} (1~Hz to 100~kHz). %(integration bandwidth from 1~Hz to 100~kHz).
\item Random jitter \textbf{from 11 to 1.1~ps RMS} (integration bandwidth from 1~Hz to 100~kHz).
\end{itemize}
This prompted the development of the Low-Jitter Daughterboard
\cite{biblio:WR-LJD}, which improves the performance of the WR switch to 1e-12 without any
modifications to the WR-PTP Protocol, see
\cite{biblio:MIKES-50km}\cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km}\cite{biblio:WR-ultimate-limits}.
The improved WR Switches are now commercially available \cite{biblio:WR-LJD-switch}.
A high performance low-jitter WR node is developed for the SPS's RF transmission
achieving jitter of sub-100fs RMS from 100~Hz to 20~MHz \cite{biblio:SPS-WR-LLRF}.
achieving jitter of sub-100~fs RMS from 100~Hz to 20~MHz \cite{biblio:SPS-WR-LLRF}.
A WR node \cite{biblio:SPEV7} to achieve stability of 1e-13 over 100 s is designed
within the WRITE project \cite{biblio:WRITE-2}.
\subsection{Temperature Compensation}
\label{sec:}
......
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